![]() ![]() ![]() Pericardial tamponade, acute pulmonary arterial embolism Respiratory failure (acute) heart defect with right-to-left shunt, Eisenmenger syndrome (chronic)ĬOPD, severe asthma, (tension) pneumothorax, pleural effusion, hematothoraxĪcutely decompensated congestive heart failure, acute respiratory failure Nonspecific mainly reflects diseases affecting the airways and the lung parenchyma SA or AV block, overdose of drugs that slow the heart rateīrain tumor, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral vasculitis, encephalitis There are other, disease-specific classifications, including the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification of chronic congestive heart failure ( 2, 3). ![]() These instruments have been validated and are useful for communication. Various instruments are used to assess dyspnea, ranging from simple descriptions of intensity (visual analog scale, Borg scale) to multidimensional questionnaires (e.g., the Multidimensional Dyspnea Profile). Current explanatory hypotheses are based on the concept of a regulatory circuit that consists of afferent information relayed centrally (from chemoreceptors for pH, CO 2, and O 2, as well as from mechanoreceptors in the musculature and the lungs ) and a corresponding ventilatory response ( 2). The pathogenesis of dyspnea is still not fully clear and is now under investigation. The subjectivity of dyspnea is one of the main difficulties confronting the clinician whose task it is to determine the diagnosis and judge the severity of the underlying condition. ![]() derives from interactions among multiple physiological, psychological, social, and environmental factors, and may induce secondary physiological and behavioral responses.”ĭyspnea is an umbrella term for a number of distinguishable subjective experiences including effortful respiration, a feeling of choking or asphyxiation, and hunger for air. In a consensus paper ( 1), the American Thoracic Society defines dyspnea as “a subjective experience of breathing discomfort that consists of qualitatively distinct sensations that vary in intensity. ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. Archives
December 2022
Categories |